General Biology II                                NAME___________________________________

Test # 3

April 7th, 2006

 

For You formed my inward parts; You covered me in my mother’s womb.  I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; Marvelous are Your works - that my soul knows very well.  Psalms 139: 13-14

 

Chapter 42

1.      What two types of cells make up the BLOOD cells - 2pts.  What is the general FUNCTION of each of the two types of cells?  4pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.      Plasma is the liquid part of the blood – name at least THREE things that are found in the plasma.  (there are MANY, think about ALL the chapters we covered)  6pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.      Where is the blood going as it leaves the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the human heart? 2pts

 

 

 

4.      Where is the blood going as it leaves the LEFT ATRIUM of the human heart?  2pts

 

 

 

 

5.      What are responsible for the sounds of the human heart beat?  2pts

 

 

 

 

6.      Describe the three major functions of the lymphatic system.  6pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. When a blood vessel is cut, why does vasoconstriction take place?
    1. to expose collagen fibers to which platelets can adhere
    2. to trigger the release of platelets from the surrounding tissues
    3. to initiate the activation of thrombin
    4. to entrap white blood cells
    5. to reduce the flow of blood

 

  1. A vein always carries:
    1. blood to the heart.
    2. blood from the heart.
    3. oxygen-rich blood.
    4. oxygen-poor blood.
    5. blood rich in carbon dioxide.

 

  1. Smooth muscle in the arteriole walls can vasoconstrict or vasodilate, which:
    1. helps to regulate blood pressure.
    2. helps to accelerate the flow of blood through the vessels.
    3. prevents the back flow of blood into the tissues.
    4. squeezes oxygen out of the blood.
    5. adds strength to the blood vessels.

 

 

Chapter 43

4.      Knowing what you do about INNATE immunity – why do you think BURN victims are especially susceptible to infection.  4pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.      What is the common activity that neutrophils, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells engage in? 2pts

 

 

 

 

 

6.      _____  cells = cell mediated immunity 1pt

_____  cells = antibody mediated immunity 1pt

 

7.      Draw the general structure of an antibody.  2pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8.      Describe TWO ways that antibodies help fight infection.  4pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.      An antigen is:

a.       a phagocytic cell.

b.      used to combat infections.

c.       used to destroy antibodies.

d.      any molecule that can be recognized as foreign by the immune system.

e.       produced by a white blood cell.

 

10.  Which cells stimulate B cells to divide and produce antibodies?

a.                   mast cells

b.                  macrophages

c.                   cytotoxic T cells

d.                  T helper cells

 

11.  Autoimmunity is:

a.                   an automatic response to an antigen.

b.                  an attack of the immune system against self.

c.                   a reaction to environmental antigens.

d.                  a normal response to infection.

e.                   a response between the autonomic nervous system and the immune system.

 

Chapter 44

12.  What are the TWO important gases that must be exchanged in the human body?  2pts

 

 

 

 

 

13.  Where specifically do you FIND hemoglobin in the human body and what is its function?  3pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

14.  In fish, blood flows in a direction opposite to the flow of water over the gills in a process known as: *

a.             concurrent exchange

b.            countercurrent exchange

c.             crosscurrent exchange

d.            exhalation

e.             diffusion.

 

15.  As air is inspired, the nose does all of the following except: *

a.             remove bacteria from the air. *

b.            warm the air. *

c.             humidify the air.

d.            remove oxygen from the air. *

e.             remove dust from the air.

16.  Which of the following areas of the respiratory tract is lined with a single layer of simple squamous epithelium? *

a.             nasal cavity *

b.            larynx *

c.             trachea *

d.            bronchi

e.             alveoli

 

17.  Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:

a.             dissolved in plasma.

b.            as bicarbonate ions.

c.             by hemoglobin.

d.            as carbonic anhydrase.

e.             as carbonic acid.

 

Chapter 45

18.  Which food type begins Enzymatic digestion in the mouth?  2pts

 

 

19.  Which food type begins Enzymatic digestion in the stomach?  2tps

 

 

20.  Which food type begins Enzymatic digestion in the small intestines?  2pts

 

 

21.  What are the two main functions of the small intestines?  (please be specific) 4pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22.  Name two features of the small intestines that increase surface area.  2pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23.  Which organ secretes the majority of the digestive enzymes?  3pts

 

 

 

 

24.  Which nutrients are absorbed directly from the intestinal lining into the blood stream?  WHERE does this blood go FIRST before going to the rest of the body? 3pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25.  Which nutrients are absorbed from the intestinal lining into the lymphatic system?  2pts

 

 

 

 

26.  The tissue containing nerves, blood, and lymph vessels in teeth is known as the:

a.             dentin.

b.            enamel.

c.             tooth socket.

d.            pulp cavity.

 

27.  The function of the rugae of the stomach is to: *

a.             secrete amylase. *

b.            crush the food.

c.             increase the holding capacity of the stomach. *

d.            increase the surface area for secretion.

 

28.  The cells in the gastric glands that produce digestive substances are the: *

a.             goblet and pyloric cells. *

b.            alpha and beta cells. *

c.             pyloric and parietal cells. *

d.            chief and goblet cells.

e.             parietal and chief cells.

 

29.  Most chemical digestion occurs in the: *

a.             stomach. *

b.            mouth. *

c.             rectum.

d.            duodenum. *

e.             colon.

 

30.  One of the principal functions of bile is: *

a.             protecting the stomach lining. *

b.            enzymatically digesting proteins. *

c.             stimulating peristalsis.

d.            mechanically digesting fats. *

e.             enzymatically digesting starches.

 

Chapter 46

31.  Name TWO types of wastes produced by the human body.  2pts

 

 

32.  What is the name of the following structure, and BREIFLY/CONCISELY tell me its overall FUNCTION and the PROCESS by which it achieves that function. 5pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

33.  Indicate by an arrow which direction water would go: 2pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Use the following word list to complete the next questions 40 through 43.

Angiotensin II                           Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone                              Atrial natriuretic peptide

 

34.  Which hormones are necessary to INCREASE blood pressure?  3pts

 

 

 

 

35.  Which hormones work on sodium reabsorption?     2pts

 

 

 

36.  Which hormone works on water reabsorption? 1pt

 

 

37.  Which hormone are necessary to DECREASE blood pressure? 1pt

 

 

38.  Why do you suppose there are more hormones focused on increasing blood pressure instead of decreasing blood pressure?  3pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

39.  What is diffusion? 3pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40.  One disadvantage in excreting urea rather than uric acid is that:

a.             urea is more toxic than uric acid.

b.            urea is less toxic than uric acid.

c.             urea is excreted by respiratory structures.

d.            urea requires more water for excretion.

e.             urea is produced from ammonia, not nucleic acids.

41.  The outermost region of the kidney is called the: *

a.             adventitia. *

b.            mucosa. *

c.             pelvis.

d.            cortex. *

e.             medulla.

 

Chapter 47

42.  Which of the following methods does the hypothalamus use to communicate with the pituitary gland?  2pts (circle the correct number)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

43.  Which type of hormone can go directly into your cells? 2pts

 

 

 

 

 

44.  Hormones that are water-soluble (hydrophilic) require a __________________ on the cell surface to receive the primary hormone signal. 2pts

 

 

45.  The thyroid gland secretes hormones that have an effect on ________________.  2pts

 

 

 

 

 

Use the word bank to answer the questions 52 through 60.

 

pancreas                       adrenal cortex                           hypothalamus                thyroid gland

adrenal medulla anterior pituitary                        ovaries                         testes

posterior pituitary          insulin                                       calcitonin

 

 

46.  ______________________ releases prolactin and growth hormone 1pt

47.  ______________________ releases thyroxine and thiiodothyronine 1pt

48.  ______________________ releases epinephrine and norepinephrine 1pt

49.  ______________________ releases “releasing” and “inhibiting” hormones 1pt

50.  ______________________ releases most of the testosterone found in males 1pt

51.  ______________________ releases insulin and glycagon 1pt

52.  ______________________ releases cortisol, aldosterone and androgens 1pt

53.  ______________________ releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone 1pt

54.  ______________________ lowers circulating blood glucose levels 1pt

 

 

 

55.  Label the major endocrine glands in the following diagram. 4pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

56.  Hormones are chemical messengers transported by the __________ that can have ______________________.

a.       blood: stimulatory or inhibitory effects

b.      lymph ducts; stimulatory effects

c.       ducts; stimulatory or inhibitory effects

d.      neurons; stimulatory effects

e.       glands; inhibitory effects

 

57.  Why doesn't every cell in the body respond to every hormone circulating in the bloodstream? *

a.                   Each cell has a limited number of protein channels that shuttle hormones through its membrane. *

b.                  Not all hormones can diffuse though all cell membranes. *

c.                   The concentration of some hormones is too low to stimulate every cell.

d.                  Each cell has specific receptors, which interact only with hormones that they recognize. *

e.                   Although all hormones bind to all cell surfaces, some cells lack second messengers for expression.

 

58.  Which of the following is not a chemical group to which hormones can be assigned?

a.       steroid hormones

b.      polysaccharide hormones *

c.       amino acid derivatives *

d.      peptide hormones *

e.       fatty acid derivatives

 

59.  In a signal transduction pathway involving cAMP as a second messenger, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates: *

a.       phospholipase C.

b.      adenylyl cyclase. *

c.       calmodulin. *

d.      protein kinase. *

e.       diacylglycerol.

 

 

 

 

 

 


GENERAL QUESTIONS

INTEGRATING INFORMATION

 

**Answer any 2 of the following three questions (66-68)**

60.  Trace the pathway that air takes into your body, indicating all major anatomical structures the air passes through. By LABELING the following diagram 6pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61.  Trace the pathway of food through the digestive system of the human body, indicating all major anatomical structures the food passes through. By LABELING the following diagram 6pts

 

 

 

 

62.  Trace the pathway of urine production indicating all major anatomical structures the urine passes through.  By LABELING the following diagram.  6pts (see next page)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BONUS

63.  Define Osmosis  3pts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

64.  When chemoreceptors detect a slight decrease in pH, this means that ____________ concentrations have increased, and the breathing rate must ____________.  2pts

    1. carbon dioxide; increase *
    2. carbon dioxide; decrease *
    3. oxygen; increase *
    4. oxygen; decrease *
    5. chloride; decrease