Microbiology

Chapter 13

 

Question 1

What term is defined as any deviation from health where tissues and organs are damaged and disrupted?

     A) Commensalism

     B) Pathology

     C) Disease

     D) Infection

     E) Transient

 

Question 2

The human body provides a favorable habitat for microorganisms. Which of the following does not contribute to this favorable habitat?

     A) Stable temperature

     B) Extensive surfaces upon which to colonize

     C) Constant source of nourishment

     D) Low levels of moisture

     E) Relatively stable pH

 

Question 3

What greatly influences the presence and numbers of transient flora?

     A) Occupational exposure

     B) Hygiene

     C) Humidity

     D) Oils

     E) Clothing

 

Question 4

What factor prevents the stomach from being colonized by most microbes?

     A) Peristalsis

     B) Digestive enzymes

     C) Secretory IgA

     D) Bile

     E) Acids

 

Question 5

Why are human bites especially dangerous?

A) Because the oral cavity and saliva contain high numbers of bacteria

     B) Because saliva contains lysozyme

     C) Because human teeth are exceedingly sharp

D) Because the protozoa that reside in the mouth are harmful when transferred to others

     E) Because normal flora of the mouth are pathogenic

 

Question 6

What are the first organism(s) to colonize the upper respiratory tract?

     A) Oral streptococci

     B) Lactobacilli

     C) Staphylococcus aureus

     D) Neisseria sp.

     E) Haemophilus sp.

 

Question 7

What keeps the kidney, ureter, bladder, and upper urethra sterile?

     A) pH

     B) Peristalsis

     C) Salts

     D) Flow of urine

     E) IgA in mucous

 

Question 8

Axenic animals display all but which of the following?

     A) Degenerative diseases of the intestinal tract

     B) Shortened life span

     C) Absence of dental caries

     D) Vitamin deficiencies

     E) Increased sensitivity to enteric pathogens

 

Question 9

The greatest number of pathogens use what as a portal of entry?

     A) Skin

     B) Gastrointestinal tract

     C) Respiratory tract

     D) Urogenital tract

     E) Transplacental

 

Question 10

What characteristic affects the extent to which an organism is carried into the bronchial tree following inhalation?

     A) The electrostatic charge of the microorganism

     B) The size of the microorganism

     C) The breathing patterns of the host

     D) The status of the host's immune system

     E) The presence or absence of flagella on the microorganism

 

Question 11

If a microorganism has an ID of one, what assumption can be made regarding this microorganism?

     A) It is very small

     B) It can cross the placental barrier

     C) It causes a large number of new cases annually

     D) It is a very pathogenic microorganism

     E) It is a very virulent microorganism

 

Question 12

Bacterial pathogens attach most often by all except which of the following mechanisms?

     A) Spikes

     B) Fimbriae (pili)

     C) Flagella

     D) Capsules

     E) Adhesive slimes

 

Question 13

What exoenzyme secreted by some pathogenic microorganisms digests the principal fiber of connective tissue and is an invasive factor for some microorganisms?

     A) Coagulase

     B) Mucinase

     C) Hyaluronidase

     D) Collagenase

     E) Keratinase

 

Question 14

Which of the following is a property of exotoxins?

     A) Stimulates the onset of fever

     B) Secreted from a live cell

     C) Produced by all Gram negative bacteria

     D) Do not denature upon exposure to high heat

     E) Toxic only in high doses

 

Question 15

During which stage of a clinical infection does the patient experience vague feelings of discomfort, such as head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, and general malaise?

     A) Terminal phase

     B) Incubation period

     C) Convalescent period

     D) Prodromal stage

     E) Period of invasion

 

Question 16

What is the pattern of infection where the infection itself remains localized at the portal of entry, but the toxins produced by the pathogen are carried by the blood to the actual target tissue?

     A) Systemic infection

     B) Focal infection

     C) Toxemia

     D) Mixed infection

     E) Localized infection

 

Question 17

Which of the following is not a sign of an infection?

     A) Cough

     B) Nausea

     C) Headache

     D) Fatigue

     E) Sore throat

 

Question 18

What is the clinical term for bacteria multiplying in the blood?

     A) Bacteremia

     B) Viremia

     C) Septicemia

     D) Fungemia

     E) Spirochetemia

 

Question 19

Which microorganism does not cause a latent infection?

     A) Herpes simplex

     B) Hepatitis B

     C) AIDS

     D) Polio

     E) Herpes zoster

 

Question 20

What term is defined as the number of new cases of disease over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population?

     A) Prevalence

     B) Morbidity rate

     C) Epidemiology

     D) Epidemic

     E) Incidence

 

Question 21

Which of the following is not a reservoir?

     A) Vectors

     B) Humans

     C) Animals

     D) Soil

     E) Water

 

Question 22

"Typhoid Mary" was an example of what type of disease carrier?

     A) Asymptomatic

     B) Chronic

     C) Convalescent

     D) Incubation

     E) Passive

 

Question 23

Communicable diseases can spread by several methods. Which is not an example of the direct transmission mode of disease spread?

     A) Fine droplets sprayed directly upon a person

     B) Bites from biological vectors

     C) Contact with contaminated food

     D) Sexual intercourse

     E) Placental transfer

 

Question 24

Which does not contribute to the development of nosocomial infections?

     A) The presence of compromised patients in hospitals

     B) The presence of pathogens in hospitals

     C) The use of indwelling medical devices

     D) Treatments utilizing reusable instruments

     E) The use of effective infection control measures