Microbiology

Chapter 15

Question 1

What cells work closely with macrophages to provide the elegance and complexity of immune function?

A) Neutrophils

B) Lymphocytes

C) Monocytes

D) Granulocytes

E) Red blood cells

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of natural active immunity?

A) A person who recovers from an infectious disease.

B) A person who receives immune serum during treatment for hepatitis.

C) A fetus receiving maternal antibodies that cross the placenta.

D) A person being vaccinated against measles.

E) A newborn receiving antibodies in breast milk.

Question 3

Which is not a function of cell surface receptors of macrophages and lymphocytes?

A) Determine the intensity of response to an antigen

B) Aid in cellular development

C) Promote the recognition of self molecules

D) Receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells

E) Perceive and attach to antigens

Question 4

Major histocompatibility complex antigens are found on all human cells with the exception of what type of cells?

A) Hepatocytes

B) Neurons

C) Red blood cells

D) Splenocytes

E) White blood cells

Question 5

Of the MHC genes, which codes for receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens?

A) Class I MHC

B) Class II MHC

C) Class III MHC

D) CD4 receptors

E) CD8 receptors

Question 6

What class of MHC receptors is found on the surface of all nucleated cells?

A) Class I MHC

B) Class II MHC

C) Class III MHC

D) CD4 receptors

E) CD8 receptors

Question 7

What leads to the extreme variations in the expression of specific receptors in lymphocytes?

A) Human leukocyte antigens

B) Major histocompatibility complex antigens

C) Conjugation

D) Clonal selection

E) Transduction

Question 8

What is the process by which lymphocyte clones that develop a specificity for self molecules are eliminated or deleted from the pool of genetic diversity?

A) Antigen independence

B) Lymphocyte stimulation

C) Immune tolerance

D) Antigen dependence

E) Clonal selection

Question 9

Which of the following is not an assumption which can be derived from the clonal selection theory?

A) Lymphocyte specificity is preprogrammed

B) Each genetically different type of lymphocyte expresses a single specificity

C) Any lymphocyte that could possibly mount a harmful response against self molecules is eliminated or suppressed

D) Development of both T and B lymphocytes follows a similar pattern

E) The first introduction of each distinct type of antigen into the immune system selects a genetically distinct lymphocyte and causes it to expand into a clone of cells that can react to that antigen

Question 10

Which statement regarding antibodies is incorrect?

A) They serve as the specific receptors on B cells

B) They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains

C) Antigen binding sites are composed of constant (C) regions within one H and one L chain

D) Antibodies exist in a Y-shaped arrangement

E) The amino acid sequence within the variable (V) regions varies widely from one clone of lymphocytes to another

Question 11

Immunoglobulin heavy (H) chains genes are composed of genes from what segments of the genome?

A) V and D

B) C and J

C) V, D, and J

D) V, J, and C

E) V, D, J, and C

Question 12

Which of the properties listed below is not associated with B cells?

A) They are found in high numbers throughout the circulatory system

B) They mature in the bone marrow

C) An immunoglobulin serves as the antigen receptor

D) They do not require MHC proteins for antigen recognition

E) They produce proteins that inactivate and neutralize antigens

Question 13

A lymphocyte recognizes and responds to what component of an antigen?

A) Hapten

B) Antigenic determinant

C) Constant region

D) Variable region

E) Joining chain

Question 14

What is an example of a poor immunogen?

A) Glycoproteins

B) Whole fungal cells

C) Antibodies

D) Glycogen

E) Enzymes

Question 15

What is the component found in the human body which can serve as a carrier molecule when bound by haptens?

A) Red blood cells

B) Macrophages

C) Plasma

D) White blood cells

E) Serum proteins

Question 16

What is responsible for incompatibilities that can occur during blood transfusions?

A) Alloantigens

B) Heterogenetic antigens

C) Haptens

D) Allergens

E) Superantigens

Question 17

What are the first cells that recognize a processed and presented T-dependent antigen?

A) Dendritic cells

B) B lymphocytes

C) Macrophages

D) Memory cells

E) T helper cells

Question 18

What is one disadvantage of using attenuated vaccines?

A) They require fewer doses and boosters than other types of vaccines.

B) They provide long-lasting protection.

C) They produce an infection following vaccination.

D) The organisms multiply following vaccination.

E) The organisms can mutate back to a virulent form following vaccination.

Question 19

Once a B cell has processed and presented an antigen, what event must occur before it becomes activated?

A) The MHC protein must degrade the antigen

B) A dendritic cell must secrete antibodies

C) The B cell must bind to an activated T helper cell that has receptors for the same antigen

D) The B cell must differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells

E) The B cell must process and present a second identical antigen

Question 20

In what type of reaction do antibodies fill surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a molecule to prevent it from functioning normally?

A) Opsonization

B) Agglutination

C) Complement fixation

D) Recognition

E) Neutralization

Question 21

What is the most prevalent antibody circulating throughout the tissue fluids and blood?

A) IgM

B) IgA

C) IgD

D) IgG

E) IgE

Question 22

What antibody is a significant component of the mucous and serous secretions of the salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, breast, lung, and genitourinary tract?

A) Monomeric IgA

B) Dimeric IgA

C) IgM

D) IgE

E) IgG

Question 23

What type of cell is fused with a myeloma cell when producing a hybridoma?

A) B lymphocyte

B) T lymphocyte

C) Plasma cell

D) Hepatocyte

E) Neuron

Question 24

What is the mode of action of T cytotoxic cells?

A) They secrete perforins that create pores in the membrane of a target cell

B) They secrete cytokines which stimulate growth and activation of both B and T cells

C) They inhibit the immune response

D) They initiate delayed responses to allergens

E) They contribute to the initiation of the classical complement pathway

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of artificial passive immunity?

A) A person who recovers from an infectious disease

B) A person who receives immune serum during treatment for hepatitis

C) A fetus receiving maternal antibodies that cross the placenta

D) A person being vaccinated against Neisseria meningitides

E) A newborn receiving antibodies in breast milk while breast feeding