Microbiology

Chapter 19

Question 1

What is the primary habitat for many Bacillus species?

A) Humans and other large primates

B) Dust

C) Water

D) Herbivores

E) Soil

Question 2

Most naturally occurring cases of anthrax in the United States occur in what group of people?

A) Daycare workers

B) News reporters

C) The elderly

D) Textile workers

E) Infants

Question 3

How do the endospores that cause cutaneous anthrax enter the body?

A) Through breathing

B) By consuming contaminated foods

C) Through small cuts or abrasions in the skin

D) Through sexual activity

E) Through insect vectors

Question 4

What type of vaccine is the anthrax vaccine?

A) Attenuated bacteria

B) Inactivated toxin (toxoid)

C) Killed whole bacterial cells

D) Recombinant

E) Acellular

Question 5

How are Bacillus species differentiated from Clostridium species?

A) Bacillus are aerobic, while Clostridium are anaerobic.

B) Bacillus form endospores, while Clostridium do not.

C) Bacillus are Gram negative, while Clostridium are Gram positive.

D) Bacillus are catalase negative, while Clostridium are catalase positive.

E) Bacillus are rods, while Clostridium are cocci.

Question 6

Which injury does not predispose a person to gas gangrene?

A) Surgical incisions

B) Compound fractures

C) Puncture wounds

D) Diabetic ulcers

E) Dislocated shoulder

Question 7

Death from Clostridium botulinum is due to which of the following?

A) It causes excitation of neurons.

B) It stimulates the removal of fluid from the tissues.

C) It stimulates increased intestinal motility.

D) It paralyzes the muscles of the respiratory tract.

E) It prevents gastrointestinal motility.

Question 8

What causes the major symptoms of tetanus?

A) Production of tetanospasmin

B) Multiplication of the organisms at the site of infection

C) Production of botulin toxin

D) Superinfection due to antibiotic therapy

E) Bacteria multiplying the bloodstream

Question 9

Botulin toxin prevents the release of what chemical that initiates the signal for muscle contraction?

A) Serotonin

B) Acetylcholine

C) Dopamine

D) Norepinephrine

E) Phosphatidylcholine

Question 10

What group of people has a higher risk for developing botulism?

A) Those who work with animal products

B) Those who inject black tar heroin into their skin

C) Those who consume home-preserved foods

D) Those who are not vaccinated against botulism

E) Those who take antibiotic therapy for another infection

Question 11

What is/are the primary reservoir(s) for Listeria monocytogenes?

A) Grass and trees

B) Animals

C) Humans

D) Invertebrates and fish

E) Soil and water

Question 12

How are most cases of listeriosis transmitted?

A) Insect vectors

B) Sexual contact

C) Respiratory secretions

D) Contaminated food

E) Transplacental

Question 13

What is the primary reservoir for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A) Soil

B) Pigs

C) Humans

D) Sewage

E) Fish

Question 14

Who would not be at increased risk of acquiring Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A) Healthcare workers

B) Farmers

C) Veterinarians

D) Butchers

E) Fishermen

Question 15

What is the portal of entry for human infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A) Urogenital tract

B) Gastrointestinal tract

C) Skin

D) Respiratory tract

E) Transplacental

Question 16

Why did an outbreak of diphtheria occur in the mid-1990s in areas of the former Soviet Union?

A) Because a new strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae emerged

B) Because the organisms became resistant to all known antibiotics

C) Because vaccination against the disease had declined

D) Because people in that part of the world were genetically more susceptible to diphtheria

E) Because there was a lack of an effective vaccine

Question 17

What is the most important virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A) Pili

B) Flagella

C) LPS

D) Diphtherotoxin

E) M protein

Question 18

Where are the target cells of diphtherotoxin located?

A) The throat

B) The skin

C) The skeletal muscles

D) The lungs

E) The heart and nervous system

Question 19

What genus of bacteria reside in pilosebaceous glands in human skin?

A) Bacillus

B) Propionibacterium

C) Erysipelothrix

D) Corynebacterium

E) Mycobacterium

Question 20

What is the virulence factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that prevents the organisms' destruction by lysosomes within macrophages?

A) Cord factor

B) Exotoxin

C) M protein

D) Capsule

E) Endotoxin

Question 21

Which of the following does not affect a person's susceptibility to tuberculosis?

A) Nutritional status

B) Genetics

C) Access to medical care

D) Status of immune system

E) Type of job

Question 22

The specific infection sites that develop in primary tuberculosis are known as what?

A) Fibroblasts

B) Necrotic lesions

C) Tubercles

D) Caseous lesions

E) Scars

Question 23

How is Mycobacterium leprae cultured in the laboratory?

A) It is grown on minimal media

B) It cannot be grown in the lab

C) It is grown using human tissue cultures

D) It is grown on complex media

E) It is a fastidious organisms that requires a variety of special conditions for growth

Question 24

Which is not a clinical manifestation of lepromatous leprosy?

A) Many bacilli are present in lesions

B) Numerous deep lesions are concentrated in cooler areas of the body

C) Mutilation of the extremities is common

D) No skin nodules are present

E) Patients are not reactive to lepromin

Question 25

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the actinomycetes?

A) They stain Gram negative when stained with the Gram stain

B) The oral actinomyces play a role in the development of dental caries.

C) They are nonmotile filamentous rods

D) Some members produce a mycelium-like growth

E) Two genera involved in human disease are Actinomyces and Nocardia